Empowered Aid | Global Women's Institute | The George Washington University

Empowered Aid

“I want to talk about food. At times, you find that we girls or women we find difficulties with the distributors. These distributors who are distributing. They come and tell that, ‘if you fall in love with me, I will add you more food, or for the cooking oil you will get a big share.’ So you end up… after they have realized the food is about to come, they move around corning girls or women, that, ‘if you really fall in love with me, I will add you food.’ So those are big challenges.”

-Uganda, Participatory group discussion with South Sudanese adolescent girls living in Uganda as refugees

Purpose

Visual aids displayed to help Syrian refugee women vote at the Participatory Action Research Workshops held in Tripoli, Lebanon on the four types of aid they will discuss during their individual interviews in Phase I of Empowered Aid (April 2019). — At the Participatory Action Research Workshops, women or girls from the refugee community selected which types of aid to study. All tools & manuals developed are available under the “Manuals & Toolkits” tab.

Empowered Aid is a multi-year, multi-country participatory action research project led by the Global Women’s Institute with operational partners CARE and URDA in Lebanon, and International Rescue Committee and World Vision in Uganda. Working alongside women and girls—as those most affected by SEA and other forms of gender-based violence—the study examines the mechanisms through which humanitarian aid is delivered, and how these processes might inadvertently increase the risks of SEA, in order to better address these risks. Its goal is to support the creation or adaptation of aid delivery models that actively work to reduce power disparities and give women and girls a sustained voice in how aid is delivered.

Methods

Empowered Aid is feminist, participatory action research (PAR) that recognizes women and girls as contextual safeguarding experts and engages them as co-producers of knowledge, supported to safely take an active role in asking and answering questions about their own lives. PAR proactively acknowledges and addresses power imbalances— in this case, between men and women; aid workers and those receiving aid; and researchers and those being researched. Just as participation lies at the center of accountable humanitarian response, it is a critical element for research that seeks to shift power imbalances.

The first phase is grounded in ethnographic work in which women and girls document their observations of SEA risks in relation to accessing four different types of aid, which they selected: food, shelter, WASH, cash (in Lebanon), and fuel & firewood (in Uganda). In the second phase, their observations guide the identification and prioritization of ways to improve aid distributions, which are then pilot with NGO operational partners (implementation science). The third phase, slated to begin in late 2020, will focus on research uptake and peer-to-peer capacity building in a third country, tentatively Bangladesh. In this phase, women and girls and other research team members in Uganda and Lebanon will share what they've learned and build networks around women and girl-led, participatory action research in refugee settings.

The first phase of participatory action research was conducted over three months in partnership with the International Rescue Committee in Uganda and CARE International in Lebanon. In both Lebanon and Uganda, SEA was reported as occurring across all types of aid explored, in all stages of the distribution cycle—from communicating and receiving information; to registering or being verified for aid; at the distribution site; traveling to and transporting aid from these sites; and safely storing aid. In addition, women and girls reported multiple barriers to reporting cases of SEA, including lack of knowledge or faith in reporting mechanisms, stigma and other negative repercussions from community and family members, and the normalization of SEA meaning that for many, they and their families and communities see it as the cost of receiving life-saving assistance.

Phase 1

To better understand how aid distributions may create or reinforce opportunities for sexual exploitation and abuse of women and girls.
Ethnographic fieldwork with refugee women and girls

Phase 2

To identify, prioritize, and test options for improving current distribution models & post-distribution monitoring tools.
Implementation science, pilot tests

Phase 3

To disseminate, validate and replicate findings in a third country, including peer-led networking & training among women & girl researchers.
Research uptake, dissemination, network-building

Findings

Reports, manuals, toolkits and other study materials can be found on the "Empowered Aid Resources" page, available through the menu above or by clicking here.

Sexual exploitation & abuse associated with types of aid:

“Like the boda boda guys. You agree with him to bring your food home. Yet he has intentions of corning you. Now he will carry for you the food and of course the distance is long and after carrying the food he will end up telling you, ‘I have helped you, I want you.’"

– Uganda, Participatory group discussion with with South Sudanese adolescent girls living in Uganda as refugees

“As the boreholes are made, they are just far, they are far from the settlement you will follow. If there is no water here, we go and fetch from those boreholes, if you go alone you can be able to be raped. Secondly these latrines they do not have lights in it, and they are made just one, you may be four to five, they may be five to four families all using this same latrine and someone coming somewhere can also come and enter. You may not know. You enter minus light, you will go and get someone there, you can be raped. And also, these latrines if I have no power, I may request for some to come and dig for me, and this person if he digs will demand sex from me. These are some of the violence that we normally face within the water and sanitation that we are having around.”

– Uganda, Qualitative interview with South Sudanese adolescent girl living in Uganda as a refugee

"These humanitarian workers also having been constructing houses. So, they called some girls, to come and helping them in cooking…So they tell them that they will pay after finishing the work. So, these girls agreed and started working after finishing the work, the girls asked their money and these guys changed that… They started these relationships with these girls. They are forcing these girls to fall in love with them and since these girls are in the camp, they need their money. So, they fall in love with these boys. They end up impregnating the girls, and now they disappeared from the settlement…So girls suffer most.”

– Uganda, Participatory group discussion with South Sudanese adolescent girls living in Uganda as refugees

“Employees who work in the United Nations or another organization, ask women for something in return for aid, like an amount of 100 000 LBP or 100 dollars, in return for going out together. A lot of things like that happened. A lot of women were deprived of aid. I know a girl who was deprived of aid. She used to receive 100 dollars a month, and the person who was giving her the money, asked for her hand in marriage, but she refused, because he has a family, and she didn’t want to ruin his family, so he stopped giving her the 100 dollars.”

– Lebanon, Qualitative interview with Syrian woman living in Lebanon as a refugee

"To me firewood again is the most common, with many things happening. Like last year when we went, we found a man in the bush saying that, ‘if you want firewood, start to move with condoms, next time if you come without them, I will kill you.”

–Uganda, Participatory group discussion with South Sudanese adolescent girls living in Uganda as refugees

South Sudanese refugee women researchers vote on their top three recommendations of the aggregated list drawn from the first year of research to improve safety and risk in aid distribution during the Participatory Action Research Action Analysis Workshop (September 2019).

South Sudanese women living in Uganda as refugees, and members of the Empowered Aid team, take part in data analysis through the Action Analysis Workshop. Here, they are voting to prioritize recommendations arising from phase one findings on how to improve safety and risk in aid distribution. For more, see the workshop facilitation guide under the “Manuals & Toolkits” tab.

Sexual exploitation and abuse at different stages of the distribution process:

“...so later on when you realize that you are a PSN that you were like raising a concern so that they will maybe construct for you a house the other people who are working maybe with some organization, they may tend to say since when you wanted me to build for you a house or maybe you wanted me to raise your information your issue up so that they will build you a house you have to accept me, it had happened that I have seen there was a woman who had that case so she was like she wanted a house so that man tend say since when you want a house for me to forward your challenge ahead you have to accept me first before I forward your case not until the man slept with woman and the woman was given house.”

–Uganda, Qualitative interview with South Sudanese woman living in Uganda as a refugee

“Like mainly about sometimes when they don’t understand why they’re not getting aid; this is the main problem. Like why are we excluded and why others are include[d], you know this criteria. And other problems on the site are being able to actually come alone or being used to, like by her brother, they could use the element that she’s the woman, and she’s weak, it’s just like an abusive power.”

–Lebanon, Key informant interview with humanitarian personnel

"Of course, there are a lot of people take advantage of the crisis. They might not let an older woman in but will let the younger woman in and ask her for perform certain acts in exchange of the services. They ask girls for certain things to give them services. If the girls refuse, they will withhold the service, but the service is not that great in the first place. They take advantage of little girls the most because 1. They are still young and don’t know how to handle such situations and 2. They need the service that is being offered at their home and 3. They think about their family before themselves and might be pressured into agreeing. I heard about a center that offered such services and only let in young girls (not women or men). You would hear girls crying and running quickly out because they were being harassed inside the center.”

-Lebanon, Qualitative interview with Syrian adolescent girl living in Lebanon as a refugee

“Like they are some houses which had been build [sic] like if the windows are not properly made others will come that let me help you repairing it immediately after repairing it he demand for sex may be will love you that is the thing.”

–Uganda, Qualitative interview with South Sudanese woman living in Uganda as a refugee

“Yes, I was in a taxi once and a girl got into it too. There’s a man who winked at her and suggested that he pay for her fare. This is financial exploitation. He wants sexual favors in return.”

–Lebanon, Community participatory group discussion with Syrian refugee men living in Lebanon as refugees

CARE Lebanon staff lead Syrian refugee women researchers through a community mapping exercise during the Participatory Action Research Workshops in Tripoli, Lebanon (April 2019).

Empowered Aid's findings demonstrate how a distribution system that does not meet women and girls’ needs for food, WASH, fuel/firewood, cash, and shelter materials in safer ways inadvertently opens up space for exploitation and abuse by aid as well as non-aid actors. The reports and briefs on this page detail these findings further and contain targeted recommendations for humanitarian actors—including government and donors—to take forward.

CARE Lebanon staff lead Syrian refugee women researchers through a community mapping exercise during the Participatory Action Research Workshops in Tripoli, Lebanon (April 2019).

CARE Lebanon staff lead Syrian refugee women researchers through a community mapping exercise during the Participatory Action Research Workshops in Tripoli. Within Empowered Aid, community mapping was used to support collaborative identification of safe or unsafe places and time in women and girls’ communities. For a facilitation guide, see the PAR Workshop guide or Phase 1 Toolkit under the “Manuals & Toolkits” tab.